I love this question! I was a vet tech in a former life, and then a research assistant in physiology (now I teach English Literature, because of reasons and things). Some things to keep in mind before “too much” is even an issue: dogs release heat through their paws, and via panting. Both of these are small avenues. Add to this that they are receiving heat from the ground at closer proximity, and over more surface area, than a human. Then, add the fact that their paw pads are hairless, and therefore susceptible to burns from hot ground. To combat these issues, try to allow dogs to run on cooler surfaces (grass instead of asphalt), in shady areas, and early mornings in hotter areas. Check paw pads after each run for burns, blisters, or damaged areas.

Try to plan routes that have water for your pet to get IN, not just drink. A good dip will do them well. Gums should remain pink, but not red. This one is kinda gross, but their slobber should have a consistency similar to resting. Thicker slobber is a sign of over-heating and dehydration. Keep your dog’s anatomy in mind also. Brachiocephalic breeds should not run long distances, or in warmer weather. They simply cannot release heat well enough.

Now, aside from heat, miles matter. NO DOG under 6 months old should run more than a few miles (this is a literal few, not an ultrarunner few). Larger breeds should wait a full year. As your dog is growing, talk to your vet about your plans. The vet will keep an extra eye on how the dog’s joints are developing.

Now, for an unpopular opinion: In long distance running, it’s safer FOR THE DOG to be off leash. This allows the dog to manage its own tempo, stop at a creek for a drink or splash, dart from shady spot to shady spot. Being off-leash should be left to responsible pets and pet-owners in areas that allow for this. Check leash laws, and remember, your dog does not have the same rights as a human on the trail. Sorry. Not everyone loves your dog, nor do they have to. SO, if a leash is a must (and often times it is), be VERY aware of what your dog is wanting/needing. It may slow your run, and require you to stop at every stream, puddle, shade tree on the way. Do it. You’re responsible for that dog’s life, and the safety of the other humans around you. Phew, that was long. Sorry.